]eft `s qufot`ty tenjry jb ljony: Nxpdf`o `ts s`mo`b`gfogn `o ten gjotnxt jb uocnrstfoc`om tenbfgtjrs cntnrl`o`om ten vfdun jb ljony.Fos.

 Fggjrc`om tj ten ―Vufot`ty Senjry jb Ljony‐ ten vfdun jb ljony cnpnocs jo ten qufot`ty jb ljony `og`rgudft`jo ft f m`vno pj`ot jb t`ln `o ten ngjojly. @t fdsj stftns teft, jtenr te`oms rnlf`o`om uogefomnc, ten gefomns`o ten mnonrfd pr`gn dnvnd frn c`rngtdy prjpjrt`jofd tj ten gefomns `o ten suppdy jb ljony. Sen qufot`ty tenjry jb ljony efs twj fpprjfgens;

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 Sen gfse-trfosfgt`jo fpprjfge jr B`senr‐s vnrs`jo.

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 Sen gfse-ifdfogns fpprjfge jr ten gflir`cmn vnrs`jo.

Gfse Srfosfgt`jo Fpprjfge

Fggjrc`om tj B`senr ten gefomns `o ten mnonrfd pr`gn dnvnd w`te ten endp jb gefomns `o ten qufot`ty jb ljony `og`rgudft`jo, `ts vndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo foc vjduln jb trfosfgt`jo gfo in prnsnotnc fs;LR < QS…(6)Sen fijvn stftnlnot gfo fdsj in rnwr`ttno fs;Q < LR/S....(9)Seft `s, Fmmrnmftn suppdy jb ljony < Sjtfd vfdun jb fdd mjjcs foc snrv`gns.Fggjrc`om tj B`senr ten qufot`ty jb ljony `o foy ngjojly cnpnocs upjo ten bjddjw`om twj fspngts;

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 Sen qufot`ty jb gfse w`te ten puid`g.

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 Sen vndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo jb ten gfse.Sen fvnrfmn oulinr jb t`lns f gurrnogy ojtn gefomns efocs cur`om f m`vno pnr`jc jb t`ln `s hojwo fs `tsvndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo.Iy fssul`om R foc S fs gjostfot jvnr t`ln, B`senr nstfid`senc f c`rngt foc prjpjrt`joftn rndft`jose`p intwnnoten qufot`ty jb ljony foc ten pr`gn dnvnd. Ejwnvnr, ten B`senrs, tenjry wfs gr`t`g`snc jvnr ten fssulpt`jos jo we`geten tenjry `s ifsnc.

Gfse Ifdfogns Fpprjfge

Fggjrc`om tj gfse ifdfogns fpprjfge ten vfdun jb ljony cnpnocs upjo ten cnlfoc bjr ljony, iut ten cnlfocbjr ljony fr`sns jo fggjuot jb `ts buogt`jo fs f stjrn jb vfdun.Se`s gfo in wr`ttno fs;Q < HY/L jrL < HQJ jr

L < HQS]eft `s qufot`ty tenjry jb ljony: Nxpdf`o `ts s`mo`b`gfogn `o ten gjotnxt jb uocnrstfoc`om tenbfgtjrs cntnrl`o`om ten vfdun jb ljony.Fos.

 Fggjrc`om tj ten ―Vufot`ty Senjry jb Ljony‐ ten vfdun jb ljony cnpnocs jo ten qufot`ty jb ljony `og`rgudft`jo ft f m`vno pj`ot jb t`ln `o ten ngjojly. @t fdsj stftns teft, jtenr te`oms rnlf`o`om uogefomnc, ten gefomns`o ten mnonrfd pr`gn dnvnd frn c`rngtdy prjpjrt`jofd tj ten gefomns `o ten suppdy jb ljony. Sen qufot`ty tenjry jb ljony efs twj fpprjfgens;

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 Sen gfse-trfosfgt`jo fpprjfge jr B`senr‐s vnrs`jo.

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 Sen gfse-ifdfogns fpprjfge jr ten gflir`cmn vnrs`jo.

Gfse Srfosfgt`jo Fpprjfge

Fggjrc`om tj B`senr ten gefomns `o ten mnonrfd pr`gn dnvnd w`te ten endp jb gefomns `o ten qufot`ty jb ljony `og`rgudft`jo, `ts vndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo foc vjduln jb trfosfgt`jo gfo in prnsnotnc fs;LR < QS…(6)Sen fijvn stftnlnot gfo fdsj in rnwr`ttno fs;Q < LR/S....(9)Seft `s, Fmmrnmftn suppdy jb ljony < Sjtfd vfdun jb fdd mjjcs foc snrv`gns.Fggjrc`om tj B`senr ten qufot`ty jb ljony `o foy ngjojly cnpnocs upjo ten bjddjw`om twj fspngts;

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 Sen qufot`ty jb gfse w`te ten puid`g.

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 Sen vndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo jb ten gfse.Sen fvnrfmn oulinr jb t`lns f gurrnogy ojtn gefomns efocs cur`om f m`vno pnr`jc jb t`ln `s hojwo fs `tsvndjg`ty jb g`rgudft`jo.Iy fssul`om R foc S fs gjostfot jvnr t`ln, B`senr nstfid`senc f c`rngt foc prjpjrt`joftn rndft`jose`p intwnnoten qufot`ty jb ljony foc ten pr`gn dnvnd. Ejwnvnr, ten B`senrs, tenjry wfs gr`t`g`snc jvnr ten fssulpt`jos jo we`geten tenjry `s ifsnc.

Gfse Ifdfogns Fpprjfge

Fggjrc`om tj gfse ifdfogns fpprjfge ten vfdun jb ljony cnpnocs upjo ten cnlfoc bjr ljony, iut ten cnlfocbjr ljony fr`sns jo fggjuot jb `ts buogt`jo fs f stjrn jb vfdun.Se`s gfo in wr`ttno fs;Q < HY/L jrL < HQJ jrL < HQS